Valuable Informations from Wikipedia

Chap·er·on or chap·er·one  (shp-rn)

1. A person, especially an older or married woman, who accompanies a young unmarried woman in public.

2. An older person who attends and supervises a social gathering for young people.

3. A guide or companion whose purpose is to ensure propriety or restrict activity: "to see and feel the rough edges of the society . . . without the filter of official chaperones" (Philip Taubman).

tr.v. chaper·oned, chaper·on·ing, chaper·ones

To act as chaperon to or for.

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[French, from chaperon, hood, from Old French, diminutive of chape, cape, head covering; see chape.]

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chaper·onage (-rnj) n.

Word History: The chaperon at a high-school dance seems to have little relationship to what was first signified by the English word chaperon, "a hood for a hawk," and not even that much to what the word later meant, "a woman who protects a young single woman." The sense "hood for a hawk," recorded in a Middle English text composed before 1400, reflects the original meaning of the Old French word chaperon, "hood, headgear." In order to understand why our chaperon came to have the sense "protector," we need to know that in French the verb chaperonner, meaning "to cover with a hood," was derived from chaperonand that this verb subsequently developed the figurative sense "to protect." Under the influence of the verb sense the French noun chaperon came to mean "escort," a meaning that was borrowed into English, being found first in a work published in 1720. In its earlier use English chaperon referred to a person, commonly an older woman, who accompanied a young unmarried woman in public to protect her. The English verb chaperon, "to be a chaperon," is first recorded in Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility, begun in 1796 as a sketch called "Elinor and Marianne" and published as a novel in 1811.

The western blot (sometimes called the protein immunoblot) is a widely used analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in the given sample of tissue homogenate or extract.

It uses gel electrophoresis to separate native or denatured proteins by the length of the polypeptide (denaturing conditions) or by the 3-D structure of the protein (native/ non-denaturing conditions). The proteins are then transferred to a membrane (typically nitrocellulose or PVDF), where they are probed (detected) using antibodies specific to the target protein.

There are now many reagent companies that specialize in providing antibodies (both  monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies) against tens of thousands of different proteins. Commercial antibodies can be expensive, although the unbound antibody can be reused between experiments. This method is used in the fields of molecular biology, biochemistry, immunogenetics and  other molecular biology disciplines.

Other related techniques include using antibodies to detect proteins in tissues and cells by immunostaining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

The method originated in the laboratory of George Stark at Stanford. The name western blot was given to the technique by W. Neal Burnette and Sushant Bhat and is a play on the name Southern Blot, a technique for DNA detection developed earlier by Edwin southern. Detection of RNA is termed northern blot.

The northern blot is a technique used in molecular biology research to study gene expression by detection of RNA (or isolated mRNA) in a sample.

With northern blotting it is possible to observe cellular control over structure and function by determining the particular gene expression levels during differentiation, morphogenesis, as well as abnormal or diseased conditions. Northern blotting involves the use of electrophoresis to separate RNA samples by size and detection with a hybridization probe complementary to part of or the entire target sequence. The term 'northern blot' actually refers specifically to the capillary transfer of RNA from the electrophoresis gel to the blotting membrane. However, the entire process is commonly referred to as northern blotting. The northern blot technique was developed in 1977 by James Alwine, David Kemp, and George Stark at Stanford University. Northern blotting takes its name from its similarity to the first blotting technique, the Southern blot, named for biologist Edwin Southern. The major difference is that RNA, rather than DNA, is analyzed in the northern blot.

A Southern blot is a method routinely used in molecular biology for detection of a specific DNA Sequence in DNA samples. Southern blotting combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization. The method is named after its inventor, the British Biologist Edwin Southern. Other blotting methods (i.e., Western Blot, Northern Blot, Eastern Blot, Southeastern blot) that employ similar principles, but using RNA or protein, have later been named in reference to Edwin Southern's name. As the technique was eponymously named, Southern blot is capitalized as is conventional for proper nouns. The names for other blotting methods may follow this convention, by analogy.

Eastern blotting is a biochemical technique used to analyze protein post translational modifications (PTM) such as lipids and glycoconjugates. It is most often used to detect Carbohydrate epitopes. Thus, Eastern blotting can be considered an extension of the biochemical technique of Western Blotting. Multiple techniques have been described by the term Eastern blotting, most use proteins or lipids blotted from SDS-PAGE gel on to a PVDF or NITROCELLULOSE membrane. Transferred proteins are analyzed for post-translational modifications using probes that may detect LIPIDS, CARBOHYDRATES, PHOSPHORYLATION or any other protein modification. Eastern blotting should be used to refer to methods that detect their targets through specific interaction of the PTM and the probe, distinguishing them from a standard Far western Blot. In principle, Eastern blotting is similar to lectin blotting (i.e. detection of carbohydrate epitopes on proteins or lipids); however, the termlectin blotting is more prevalent in the literature.

Detection of DNA molecule is called Southern blot.
Detection of RNA is called Northern blot.
In the case of Protein is Western blotting.