मराठी – अनिवार्य
(विषय सांकेतांक -००१)
| दर्जा : उच्च माध्यमिक शालांत परीक्षा | एकूण गुण : २०० |
| प्रश्नपत्रिकेचे स्वरुप : पारंपारिक | कालावधी : ३ तास |
| सूचना : प्रस्तुत प्रश्नपत्रिकेचा उद्देश उमेदवाराचे भाषिक ज्ञान, अभिव्यक्ती, आकलनक्षमता, लेखन आणि संवाद कौशल्याच्या जाणिवांचा स्तर पडताळणे हा आहे. |
| अ.क्र. | घटक | गुण |
| १) | लेखन ( १२० गुण ) : | |
| | अ) निबंध (सुमारे ५०० शब्दांचा ) वैचारिक / वर्णनात्मक / कल्पनापर / आत्मकथनपर आणि समकालीन ज्वलंत समस्या या प्रकारचे निबंध असतील, त्यापैकी एकच निबंध लिहिणे अपेक्षित आहे. | ३० |
| | ब) १) पत्रव्यवहार / अर्ज (मागणीपत्र / तक्रारपत्र / विनंतीपत्र ) | १० |
| | २) अहवाल लेखन / वृत्तांत लेखन | १० |
| | ३)पत्रकार परिषद (उर्जा, कृषी कर्ज, जलसिंचन इत्यादी समस्यांबाबत) किंवा नोकरीसाठी मुलाखत | १० |
| | ४) निमंत्रण - पत्रिका अथवा कार्यक्रम - पत्रिका तयार करणे | १० |
| | ५) शुभेच्छा / अभिनंदन पत्र | १० |
| | ६) प्रसार माध्यमासाठी आवाहन / निवेदन तयार करणे | १० |
| | ७) औपचारिक भाषणे तयार करणे (स्वागत, निरोप, उद्धाटनपर व इतर ) | १० |
| | ८) संवादकौशल्य. | |
| | अ) दोन व्यक्तींमधील संवाद | १० |
| | ब) गटचर्चा/सभेचे कामकाज (पाणी प्रश्न, कृषी समस्या, कुटुंबकल्याण,ग्राम स्वच्छता इत्यादी ) | १० |
| २) | आकलन (४० गुण ) | |
| | अ) इंग्रजी उता-याचे सुबोध मराठीत भाषांतर करणे. | १० |
| | ब) सारांश लेखन – १ / ३ शब्दात सारांश लेखन करुन शीर्षक देणे. | १० |
| | क) प्रमाणित भाषेतील उता-यावरील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे लिहिणे. | १० |
| | ड) दिलेल्या उता-यातील आशय सरळ व सोप्या भाषेत लिहिणे. | १० |
| ३) | व्याकरण ( ४० गुण ) : | |
| | अ) शब्दांच्या जाती ( शब्दांच्या जाती ओळखणे ) | १० |
| | ब) वाक्यप्रकार ( मिश्र, संयुक्त, साधे / केवल ) | १० |
| | क) काळ (वर्तमान, भूत, भविष्य ) | १० |
| | ड) वाक्यप्रचार व म्हणी | ०६ |
| | इ) परिभाषिक शब्द ( इंग्रजी परिभाषिक शब्दांना मराठी पर्यायी शब्द देणे ) | ०४ |
English (Compulsory)
( Subject Code : 003 )
| | Standard : H.S.C. | Total Marks : 200 | | |||||
| | Nature of Paper : Conventional Type | Duration : 3 Hours | | |||||
| | | | | |||||
| 1) | Essay : The candidates are expected to write a narrative or a descriptive essay on one of the given topics in about 300 words. It is intended to judge the candidate's knowledge of the topic, manner of presentation and also competence in using correct English. | (Marks : 30) | | |||||
| 2) | Letter writing : The candidates will be asked to write two types of letters, i.e. an informal letter to parents/ to a friend and a formal letter – an official/ business letter or a letter to the editor of a newspaper on a given topic in about 100 words. The candidate will be judged for content, manner of presentation and observance of the formal requirements of letter writing. | (Marks : 20) | | |||||
| 3) | Communication Skills : The candidates are expected to write on each of the following communicative activities (in about 100-150 words). The purpose is to judge the candidate's ability to communicate effectively in different cont1exts: a) A report of an event or a function or official work done. b) A notice or an appeal or a warning or a Press Release for the Media (Radio, T.V., Press). c) (i)Dialogue writing : A dialogue between two persons or an appeal or a discussion on a topical issue. (ii) Speeches : formal speeches–welcome/send-off/inaugural speech etc. (d) An individual conversation with a group of people -- (1) at a Job Interview. (2) at a Press Conference. (3) with a delegation (4) at a project site -- e.g.: (i) camps being constructed for cattle in a drought-affected area, (ii) temporary shelters being constructed for earthquake-affected people. (5) at a place where some problematic situation has occurred -- e.g.: natural calamities like floods, earthquakes etc. (e) A Group Discussion, a Meeting, a Teleconference on a topical issue. | (Marks : 50) | | |||||
| 4) | Precis-writing : A passage of about 300 words will be given for precis-writing. The candidates are expected to reduce the passage to one-third of its original length in their own words. The purpose of precis-writing is to judge the candidate’s ability to comprehend, analyse and summarise the main ideas in the passage in their own words to one-third of the given number of words therein. | (Marks : 20) | | |||||
| 5) | Comprehension : A passage of about 300 words will be given with a set of questions based thereon. The purpose of the activity is to assess the candidate's competence in understanding and answering questions based on the passage. | (Marks : 20) | | |||||
| 6) | Paraphrase of a Prose Passage : A prose passage of about 300 words will be given to be paraphrased in order to judge the candidate’s ability to understand, analyse and express clearly and in simple language the ideas in the passage in his/her own words. | (Marks : 20) | | |||||
| 7) | Grammar : i) Transformation of Sentences, ii) Correction of Sentences,iii) Use of Tenses, iv)Punctuation, v) Word-formation, vi) Use of Phrases. | (Marks : 40) | | |||||
| | | | | | | | ||
( Subject Code : 008 )
| Standard : Degree | Total Marks : 200 |
| Nature of Paper : Conventional Type | Duration : 3 Hours |
| Note: | 1) | Answers to this paper must be written either in English or in Marathi. | ||
| | 2) | The Nature and standard of questions in the paper will be such that a well educated person will be able to answer without any specialised study and its intention is to test candidate’s general awareness of a variety of subjects. | ||
| | 3) | This paper will test the candidate’s ability to comprehend, to analyse, to criticise subject matter related to the topics/sub topics mentioned below. | ||
| | 4) | It is expected from candidates to study the latest and recent developments and happenings pertaining to the topics/sub topics mentioned below. | ||
| Section - A (Marks : 40 ) | ||||
| 1) | History: | |||
| | .01) | Brief history of Maharashtra:Socio-cultural development during the following regimes-Satvahanas-Vakatakas-Chalukyas-Rashtrakutas-Shilahars-Yadavas–Muslim regimes and Marathas. | ||
| | .02) | History of Modern India (1818-1857) particularly Maharashtra: Introduction of modern education - Press, Railway, Post and Telegraph, Industries, Land reforms and Socio-religious reforms – Its impact on society. | ||
| | .03) | Social and economic awakening: Indian Nationalism - 1857 revolt and after, Indian National Congress (1885 - 1947), Role of important personalities, Role of Press and Education in social awakening in pre- independent India. | ||
| | .04) | The other contemporary movements during pre-independence: Satyashodhak Samaj - Dr. B.R.Ambedkar's Movement - Hindu Mahasabha- Muslim League - National Revolutionary Movement - Leftist Movement – Peseant Movement - Tribal uprising. | ||
| | .05) | Post Independence development: Integration of princely states, formation of Linguistic states, Samyukta Maharashtra movement major political parties and personalities involved therein, Major developments and personalities during 1960-1990. | ||
| | .06) | Cultural Heritage of Maharashtra (Ancient to Modern) : Performing Arts (Dance, Drama, Films, Music and Folk Arts), Visual Arts (Architecture, Painting and Sculpture) and Festivals. | ||
| | .07) | Impact of Literature on socio - psychological development of Maharashtra: Bhakti, Dalit, Urban and Rural Literature. | ||
| Section – B ( Marks : 40 ) | ||||
| 2) | Geography of India – with special reference to Maharashtra : | |||
| | .01) | Location and extent - India's strategic location with reference to her neighbours, Indian Ocean Rim, Asia and the World. | ||
| | .02) | Physical Geography: Evolution of the Subcontinent - Major physiographic regions - Problems of floods and river pollution - Physiographic details of Maharashtra. a) Climate: Distribution of Rainfall. Rainfall in Maharashtra - spatial and temporal variability - Agroclimatic zones of Maharashtra - Problem of Drought and scarcity, DPAP (Draught Prone Area Programme) –Water requirement in Agricultural, Industrial and Domestic Sectors. Problem of Drinking Water. b) Soils - problems of soil erosion and degradation in Maharashtra. c) Natural Vegetation and wild life - Forest types in India and Indian wild life - National Parks – Sanctuaries in Maharashtra - Tiger Project. | ||
| | .03) | Economic Geography: Minerals and Energy Resources : There distribution, importance and development inMaharashtra. Tourism in Maharashtra - Religious, Medicinal, Eco-Tourism and Cultural Heritage. | ||
| | .04) | Human and Social Geography: Distribution of population. Migration of population - effects of migration on source and destination areas.Rural settlements in Maharashtra.Problems of Urban and Rural Settlements – Environmental, Housing, Slum, Water Supply and Sanitation, Urban Traffic and Pollution. | ||
| Section – C ( Marks : 40) | ||||
| 3) | Indian Polity (With special Reference to Maharashtra) : | |||
| | .01) | The Constitution of India: Making of the Constitution - Philosophy of the Preamble - Salient Features of the Constitution (Secular democratic and socialist) - Fundamental Rights and Duties - Directive Principles of State Policy such as Free and Compulsory primary education, Uniform Civil Code - Centre - State relations and Formation of New States - Independent Judiciary - Amendment Procedure : Major Amendments to the Constitution : Landmark Judgments used for interpreting the Constitution. Structure and Functions of major Commissions and Boards: Election Commission, Union and State Public Service Commissions, National Women's Commission, Human Rights Commission, National Minorities S.C./S.T. Commission - River Water Dispute Settlements Board etc. | ||
| | .02) | The Political System (Structure, Powers and Functions of Governments) : | ||
| | | a) The Central Government - The Union Executive: President- Vice-President - Prime Minister and Council of Ministers - Attorney General of India - Comptroller and Auditor General of India b) The Union Legislature - Parliament, Speaker and Dy. Speaker - Parliamentary Committees - Parliament's Control over Executive. c) Judiciary: Organisation of Judiciary - Integrated Judiciary - Functions - Role and Power of the Supreme Court and High Court - Subordinate Courts – Lok Pal, Lok Aayukt and Lok Nyayalaya - Judiciary as a watch-dog protecting the Constitutional Order- Judicial Activism. d) The State Government: The State Executive - Governor - Chief Minister and the Council of Minister - Role, Functions and Powers - The State Legislature - Legislative Assembly - Legislative Council - Compositions - Powers, Functions and Role - Legislative Committees. e) The Local Governments : (1) Urban - Municipal Corporations, Municipal councils, Municipalities, Nagarpanchayat and Cantonment Boards. Structure, Officials, Resources, Powers- Functions and Controls. (2) Rural - Panchayat Raj System - Zilla Parishad, Taluka Panchayat and Village Panchayat - Structure - Officials - Resources - Powers- Functions and Controls (3) Significance of 73rd and 74th Amendment to the Constitution. (4) Empowerment of local government and their role in development. | ||
| | .03) | Parties and Pressure Groups: Nature of Party system - Role of National Parties - Ideology, organisation and electoral performance - Regional Parties - Ideology, Organisation and electoral performance - Major Pressure Groups and Interest Groups in Maharashtra - their Role and impact on Policy making. | ||
| | .04) | The Media: Print and Electronic Media - its impact on policy making, shaping of the public opinion and educating the people. | ||
| | .05) | The Electoral Process: Main features of Electoral process - single member territorial Constituencies. Reserved constituencies for weaker sections - Adult Franchise - Role of Election Commission - General Elections - Major trends – Patterns of Voting behaviour - and Factors influencing the voting behaviour - Problems and difficulties in conducting Free and Fair Elections - Electoral Reforms. | ||
| | .06) | Challenges and Responses to Indian Democracy: Social and Economic inequalities – Regional imbalances - illiteracy and unemployment. | ||
| Section - D ( Marks : 40 ) | ||||
| 4) | Human Resource Development (HRD) : | |||
| | .01) | Human Resource Development in India - Present status of population in India - quantitative aspect (size and growth - Sex, Age, Urban and Rural) and qualitative aspects (Education and Healthcare). Population policy and projection upto 2050. Importance and need of Human Resource planning in modern society. Components and factors involved in planning of Human Resources. Nature, types and problems of unemployment in India, Trends of Employment in India, Demand estimate of skilled manpower in different Sectors and Areas. Governmental and Voluntary Institution engaged in development of manpower e.g. NCERT, NIEPA, UGC, OpenUniversities, AICTE, ITIs, NCVT, IMC etc. Problems and issues related to HRD. Govt. employment policy, various schemes to reduce unemployment and underemployment. | ||
| | .02) | Education: Education as a tool of HR development and social change. Education (Pre-primary to Higher Education) system in India. Problems and issues (Universalisation of education, vocationalisation of education. Quality improvement, Dropout etc.) Education for - Girls, Socially and Economically underprivileged classes, Handicapped, Minorities, Talent Search etc. Govt. policies, Schemes and programms for Education, Govt. and Voluntary Agencies involved in promoting, regulating and monitoring Formal, Non- formal and Adult education. e-Learning. Impact of globalisation and privatisation on Indian education. | ||
| | .03) | Vocational Education: As a tool of HR development. Vocational/Technical Education- Present status, systems and training in India particularly in Maharashtra. Govt. policies, schemes and programs – Problems, issues and efforts to overcome them. Institutes involved in promoting, regulating, accrediting vocational and Technical Education. | ||
| | .04) | Health: As an essential and major component of HRD, Vital Statistics, World Health Organisation (WHO) - objectives, structure, functions and its programmes. Govt. Health policies, schemes and programmes, Healthcare system in India. Problems and issues related to Healthcare and efforts to overcome them. | ||
| | .05) | Rural Development: Empowerment of panchayat Raj system. Village Panchayat and its role in Rural development, Land reforms and development, Role of cooperative institutes in Rural Development, Financial Institutes involved in Rural Development, Rural Employment Schemes, Rural Water Supply and Sanitation programs. Infrastructure development e.g. Energy, Transportation, Housing and communication in rural area. | ||
| Section - E ( Marks : 40 ) | ||||
| 5) | Human Rights : Concept –Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR 1948)- International human rights standards, Its reflections in Indian constitution, mechanism to enforce and protect Human Rights in India, Human Rights Movement in India, Problems related to human rights deprivations such as poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, social-cultural-religious practices, violence, corruption, terrorism, exploitation of labour, custodial crimes etc.). Need, for training and practising of human rights and human dignity in a democratic set up. | |||
| 6) | Socio-Economic development of following segments of the society : | |||
| | .01) | Child Development: problems and issues (Infant mortality, Malnutrition, Child labour, Children education etc.) - Government Policies, welfare schemes and programs - Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations Community resources. People participation in their Welfare. | ||
| | .02) | Women Development - problems and issues (Gender inequality, Violence against women, Girl child Infanticide/Foeticide, Empowerment of Women etc.)- Government Policy, schemes and programs for development / welfare and empowerment - Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations and Community resources. People’s participation in their development. | ||
| | .03) | Youth Development: problems and issues (Unemployment, unrest, drug addiction etc.) - Government Policy - development schemes and programs - Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations and Community resources. People’s participation in their development. | ||
| | .04) | Tribal Development: problems and issues (Malnutrition, isolation, integration and development etc.) - Tribal movement - Government Policy, welfare schemes and programs- Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations and Community resources. People’s participation in their Welfare. | ||
| | .05) | Development for Socially deprived classes ( SC, OBC etc. ) - problems and issues (inequality in opportunity etc.) - Government Policy, welfare schemes and development programs - Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations and Resource mobilsation and Community participation. | ||
| | .06) | Welfare for aged People- problems and issues - Government Policy - welfare schemes and programs - Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations and Community participation for their development. Utilisation of their services in developmental activities. | ||
| | .07) | Labour Welfare - problems and issues (working conditions, wages, health and problems related to organised and unorganised sectors) - Government Policy, welfare schemes and programs - Role of international agencies, community and Voluntary Organisations. | ||
| | .08) | Welfare of disabled persons - problems and issues (inequality in educational and employment opportunity etc.) - Government Policy, welfare schemes and programs - Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations in employment and rehabilitation. | ||
| | .09) | People’s Rehabilitations - (People affected by Development projects and Natural Calamities.) – Strategy and programs – Legal Provisions – Consideration of different aspects like economic, cultural, social, psychological etc. | ||
| 7) | Globalisation and its impact on different sections of Indian Society. | |||
| 8) | Consumer Protection: Salient features of the existing act- Rights of consumers- Consumer disputes and redressal machinery, Different kinds of Forums- Objectives, Powers, functions, procedures, Consumer Welfare Fund. | |||
| 9) | Values and Ethics : Fostering of social norms, values, ethics through formal and informal agencies such as family, religion, education, media etc. | |||
( Subject Code: 009 )
| Standard : Degree | Total Marks : 200 |
| Nature of Paper : Conventional Type | Duration : 3 Hours |
| Note : | 1) | Answers to this paper must be written either in English or in Marathi. |
| | 2) | The Nature and standard of questions in the paper will be such that a well educated person will be able to answer without any specialised study and its intention is to test candidate’s general awareness of a variety of subjects. |
| | 3) | This paper will test the candidate’s ability to comprehend, to analyse, to criticise subject matter related to the topics/sub topics mentioned below. |
| | 4) | It is expected from candidates to study the latest and recent developments and happenings pertaining to the topics/sub topics mentioned below. |
| Section - A ( Marks : 40 ) | ||
| India in World Affairs | ||
| 1) | Foreign Policy of India : | |
| | .01) | Basic Principles, Objectives, and Determinants of foreign policy. |
| | .02) | India and Neighbours: Conflict and Co-operation. |
| | .03) | India and Indian Ocean. |
| | .04) | Foreign Economic Policy of India: Aid, Trade and economic cooperation. |
| 2) | Nuclear Policy of India : | |
| | .01) | Salient features. |
| | .02) | Determinants of Nuclear Tests: Pokhran I (1974) and Pokhran II (1998) |
| | .03) | Recent Trends in Nuclear Policy such as NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) and CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.) |
| 3) | India's External and Internal Security Concerns : | |
| | .01) | Terrorism, Insurgency, Regional and Sub-regional conflicts; Socio-economic imbalances; Naxalite Movements, Separatist Movements, Communal Violences and Caste Conflicts. |
| | .02) | Law Enforcement Mechanism and Judiciary. a) Existing Laws and Regulations with reference to Maharashtra. b) Intelligence and Security Agencies. c) Treaties of Extradition and Interpol. |
| 4) | International Affairs and Institutions : | |
| | .01) | Emerging important issues and events in international relations (1990 onwards) Political, Strategic and Economic : considerations. |
| | .02) | Regional and International Institutions: a) SAARC, ASEAN, NAM, Commonwealth of Nations and European Union. b) United Nations System: Its Charter and Organs, (General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council and International Court of Justice) c) UN Agencies: UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDP, UNICEF, UNHCR, UN Peace Keeping Forces, UNCHR, ILO and WHO. |
| Section – B ( Marks : 40 ) | ||
| Indian Economy, Planning, Trade, Rural Development | ||
| 5) | Planning : Process - Types - Review of India's First to Tenth Five year Plans. Evaluation. Social and Economic Indicators of Development. State and Local Level Planning. Decentralisation - 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments. Indian Economy - trends in Sectoral Development and profile of service Sector. Challenges in Indian Economy - Poverty, Unemployment and Regional Imbalances. | |
| 6) | Urban and Rural Infrastructure Development: Need and Significance. Growth and Development of Social and economic infrastructure such as Energy, Water supply and sanitation, Housing, Transport (Road, Ports etc.) Communications (Post and Telegraphs, Telecommunication), Network of Radio, TV, Internet. Crises, problems related to Infrastructure in India. Policy alternatives - Public-Private Sector Partnership. FDI and Infrastructure Development - Privatisation of infrastructure development. Centre and State Government Policies for Infrastructure Development. Transport and Housing (Urban and Rural). Problems - Centre and State Government initiatives and programmes. | |
| 7) | Industry : Need - importance and role of industries in economic and social development, Growth Pattern, Structure of Large-scale Industries in India with special reference to Maharashtra. Small-scale, Cottage and Village industries Problems Prospects of Small scale, cotage and village industry. Impact of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation on SSIs. State Government Policy, measures and programmes for development, promotion and monitoring of SSIs (with special reference to Maharashtra) Export Potential of Small scale and cottage industries. | |
| 8) | Co-operation: Concept, Meaning, Objectives, Old and new principles of co-operation. Growth and diversification of co-operative movement in India. Co-operative institution in Maharashtra – types, role, importance and diversification. State policy and Co-operative sector - Legislation, Supervision, Audit and Aid. Problems of Co-operatives in Maharashtra. Prospects of Cooperatives in the era of global competition. | |
| 9) | Economic reforms: Background, Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation – (concept, meaning, scope and limitations). Economic Reforms at Centre and State Level. WTO Regime - Provisions and its implications and impact on Indian Economy, issues and problems. | |
| 10) | International Trade and International Captial Movements: Emerging Trends in era of globalisation. Growth, Composition and Direction of India's Foreign Trade. Foreign trade policy of India - Export Promotion. WTO and International Trade. Foreign Capital Inflows - Composition and Growth - FDI. e-Commerce. Role of Multinationals - International Financing Agencies – (IMF, World Bank and IDA). International Credit Ratings. | |
| 11) | Public Finance: Sources of revenue - tax, non-tax and public debt of Centre and States in India. Public Expenditure (Centre and States) - Growth and causes. Public Expenditure Reform - Performance Based Budgeting and Zero - Based Budgeting. review of Tax Reforms at national and State level. VAT. Public debt - Growth, Composition and Burden. Problem of States' Indebtedness to Centre. Fiscal Deficits - Concepts, Control of Deficits - Centre, State and RBI Initiatives. Fiscal Reforms in India - Review at Centre and State Level. | |
| Section - C ( Marks : 40 ) | ||
| Natural Resource Development | ||
| 12) | Agriculture: Importance of Agriculture in National Economy - Causes of low productivity - Government policies, schemes and programmes for agriculture production and developments such as land reforms and land utilisation, soil and water conservation, rainfed farming, Irrigation and its methods, Agriculture inputs (improved seeds, Fertilizers and Manures, Pest Management, Mechanization of Agriculture). Problem of rural indebtedness, Agriculture credit- need, importance and Financial Institutions involved therein. Agriculture pricing- components, factors affecting prices of various Agriculture produces - Govt. support prices of various agriculture produces, Subsidies. Agriculture Marketing - present status, Value added products. Role of Govt and its institutes in agriculture marketing. | |
| 13) | Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development: Its role, importance and significance in National Economy, Livestock in India particularly in Maharashtra, Govt policies, schemes and programmes for livestock development including livestock breeds, feeds and fodder, Healthcare - Role of milk, meat and poultry products in human nutrition, White Revolution, Co-operative dairy enterprises in Maharashtra. | |
| 14) | Development of fisheries: Its role and significance in national economy, scope and development of fisheries in India and particularly in Maharashtra, Causes of low productivity and Govt efforts to overcome it, export of marine products. | |
| 15) | Horticulture: Importance and scope of fruit and plantation crops with reference to Maharashtra, Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition, Major fruit Plants, vegetable crops and flower plants of Maharashtra, Horticultural crops suitable for dryland and rainfed condition. Problems and its solutions of low productivity. Processing, packaging, transportation, marketing of Horticultural Products. Government schemes and programs for Horticulture development and marketing, Government Agencies and Institutes engaged in Horticulture development. | |
| 16) | Forestry: Its role in enhancing the quality of environment, Causes and effects of deforestation, Problems and issues related to forestry - Government policies and afforestration programmes (Social forestry, Agroforestry), Utilisation of forest products, Role of Government, Voluntary Organisation and local community in forest development. | |
| 17) | Food and Nutrition: Food - trends in Food production and consumption in India, First and ensuing second Green Revolutions, Self-sufficiency in food, Problem of food security, Problems and issues of storage, procurement, distribution, import and export of food. Calorific value of foods and its measurement, Energy and nutrient needs of human body for better health and balanced diet - common nutritional problems in India and its causes and effects, Govt. Policies, schemes, programs such as PDS, Food for work, Mid-day Meal Scheme and other nutritional programs. | |
| Section - D ( Marks : 40 ) | ||
| Scientific and Technological Developments | ||
| 18) | Energy: Conventional and non-conventional energy sources - Potential of Solar, Wind, Biogas, Biomass, Geothermal and other renewable energy sources. Introduction to solar gadgets viz solar cooker, water heater etc. Biogas- principle, and process. Problems of Energy Crises, Govt. Policies and programs for power generation. Nuclear Power Program, Thermal Power Program, Hydroelectric Power program, Power distribution and National Grid. Agencies and Institutions engaged in Energy security, Research and development. | |
| 19) | Computer: Role of computer in modern society, its applications in various spheres of life such as data communication, networking and web technologies, Cyber crime and its prevention. | |
| 20) | Information Technology: as a new industry - use of I.T. in various services and faculties of knowledge. Growth and present status of I.T. industry in India, Govt. programs such as Media Lab Asia, Vidya Vahini, Gyan Vahini, Community Information Centre etc. Major issues in IT industry - its prospects. | |
| 21) | Space Technology: Indian space programmes, Artificial satellites - types and applications, Indian Artificial satellites for telecommunication, television, education, broadcasting, weather forecasting, GPS, disaster warning. Indian missile program etc. Remote sensing, GIS and its application in weather forecasting, Disaster warning, water, soil, mineral resources development, agriculture and fisheries development, urban planning, ecological studies, GS and GIS. | |
| 22) | Water Resources: Significance of water in human & national development, National and State Water Policy, Water Resources - potential, planning and development in India particularly in Maharashtra, Intrastate and Interstate River water disputes, Various irrigation projects, National programme of flood management, Groundwater development in India particularly in Maharashtra. National and State Agencies engaged in water resource development and research. | |
| 23) | Ocean Development: Role of the seas in climatic changes and monsoon in India, Marine living and non-living resources development, causes and effect of sea pollution and coastal degradation, Coastal and Marine Area Management, CRZ Regulation, Coastal Community Development. Govt. programs and activities for ocean resources development, Ocean observing and research. | |
| 24) | Meteorology: Earth atmosphere - its composition, extent and structure. Atmospheric weather variables (Parameters), Weather forecasting system, cloud formation and movement - Monsoon model - crop yield model. | |
| 25) | Environment: Ecosystems - Biodiversity and balance ecosystem - Biosphere Reserve (wetlands, mangroves coral reefs). Pollution: Types and sources, its impact on environment and related problems, Govt. efforts to prevent and control of pollution, Govt. legislation and programs. Sustainable development in field of agriculture, industry, urban habitant, etc. Govt. and Voluntary agencies engaged in Environmental protection activities at national and international level. | |
| 26) | Biotechnology: Its potential to improve human life and national economy through agricultural, industrial development and employment generation. Biotechnology as an essential and important tool of natural resource development. Areas of application - Agriculture, Animal breeding and Veterinary health-care, Pharmaceutics, Human healthcare, Food technology, energy generation, environment protection etc. Role and efforts of government in promoting, regulating and developing biotechnology in country. Ethical, Social, Legal issues related to biotechnological development, possible adverse effects of biotechnological development. | |
| Section – E ( Marks : 40 ) | ||
| Statistical Analysis, Graphs and Diagrams | ||
| 27) | Classification and Tablulation of Data given in descriptive form. | |
| 28) | Computation and interpretation of Mean, Median, Mode of Data given. | |
| 29) | Conversion of Tabular data / information in a) Diagram - Venn, bar, Pie diagram. b) Graph - Line graph, Histogram, Polygon. | |
| 30) | Interpretation of Data / Information given in Tabular and Diagramatic / Graphical Form. | |
| 31) | Pointing out deficiencies, limitations, in consistencies in the given Data. | |
| 32) | To prepare Algorithm and Flow chart for solving simple problems in organisation. | |
Zoology
(Subject Code : 609)
Paper - I
| Standard : Degree | Total Marks : 200 |
| Nature of Paper : Conventional Type | Duration : 3 Hours |
| Note: | 1) | Answers to this paper must be written in English only. |
| | 2) | This paper will test the candidate’s ability to comprehend, to analyse, to interpret, to criticise and to appraise subject matter related to the topics/sub topics mentioned below. |
| | 3) | It is expected from candidates to study the latest and recent developments and happenings pertaining to the topics/sub topics mentioned below. |
| Section - A ( Marks : 50 ) | |||
| Non-Chordata | |||
| 1) | Concept of species and speciation | ||
| 2) | Characteristics of the subkingdoms-Protozoa, Parazoa and Metazoa. | ||
| 3) | Evolution of symmetry, segmentation and coelom in Metazoa. | ||
| 4) | Protozoa : | ||
| | .01) | Locomotion in Protozoa. | |
| | .02) | Reproduction in Protozoa. | |
| | .03) | Life cycle of Leishmania. | |
| | .04) | Life cycle of Plasmodium. | |
| | .05) | Life cycle of Paramoecium. | |
| | .06) | Parasitic protozoans and diseases. | |
| 5) | Porifera : | ||
| | .01) | Canal Systems. | |
| | .02) | Skeleton. | |
| 6) | Coelenterata : | ||
| | .01) | Structure and life history of Obelia, Metagenesis. | |
| | .02) | Polymorphism in Coelenterates. | |
| | .03) | Coral reefs and their significance. | |
| 7) | Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes : | ||
| | .01) | Life Cycle of Fasciola hepatica. | |
| | .02) | Life Cycle of Taenia solium. | |
| | .03) | Life Cycle of Ascaris. | |
| | .04) | Parasitic adaptations. | |
| | .05) | Pathology and control of helminths - infecting man. | |
| 8) | Annelida : | ||
| | .01) | Earthworm - Feeding and digestion, circulatory system, excretory system. | |
| | .02) | Coelom and coelomoducts in annelids. | |
| | .03) | Filter feeding. | |
| 9) | Arthropoda : | ||
| | .01) | Salient features and phylogeny of Onychophora. | |
| | .02) | Crustacean larvae. | |
| | .03) | Mouth parts in insects (cockroach, mosquito, honey bee and butterfly). | |
| | .04) | Metamorphosis in insects. | |
| | .05) | Social life in termites and honey bees. | |
| 10) | Mollusca : | ||
| | .01) | Salient features and phylogeny of Monoplacophora. | |
| | .02) | Torsion and detortion in Gastropoda. | |
| | .03) | Respiration in various groups of Mollusca. | |
| 11) | Echinodermata : | ||
| | .01) | Water canal system in Echinodermata. | |
| | .02) | Echinoderm larvae and their phylogenetic significance. | |
| | .03) | Mechanism of locomotion and feeding in starfish, Asterias. | |
| Section - B ( Marks : 50 ) | |||
| Chordata | |||
| 12) | Protochordata : | ||
| | .01) | Structural organisation and affinities of Balanoglossus. | |
| | .02) | Retrogressive metamorphosis in Urochordata. | |
| | .03) | Feeding mechanism in Amphioxus. | |
| 13) | Pisces : | ||
| | .01) | Migration in fishes. | |
| | .02) | Respiratory organs and mechanism of respiration in fishes. | |
| | .03) | Receptor and effector organs in fishes. | |
| 14) | Amphibia : | ||
| | .01) | Origin of Amphibia. | |
| | .02) | Parental care in Amphibia. | |
| | .03) | Anatomical pecularities and affinities of Urodela, Apoda and Anura. | |
| | .04) | Neoteny. | |
| | .05) | Morphological and physiological aspects of Metamorphosis in frog. | |
| | .06) | Hibernation and Aestivation in amphibians. | |
| 15) | Reptilia : | ||
| | .01) | Adaptive radiation in reptiles, Mesozoic reptiles, general characters and affinities ofSphenedon. | |
| | .02) | Significance of temporal vacuities in classification of reptiles. | |
| | .03) | Non-poisonous and poisonous snakes of India. | |
| | .04) | General characters, aquatic adaptations and conservation of Chelonia. | |
| 16) | Aves : | ||
| | .01) | Origin of birds. | |
| | .02) | Flightless birds of world. | |
| | .03) | Palate in birds. | |
| | .04) | Bird migration. | |
| | .05) | Flight adaptations in birds. | |
| | .06) | Orientation and homing in birds. | |
| 17) | Mammals : | ||
| | .01) | Dentition in mammals. | |
| | .02) | Integument and its derivatives in mammals. | |
| | .03) | General characters of Prototheria, Metatheria and Eutheria. | |
| | .04) | General Evolution of horse and man. | |
| | .05) | Comparative account of aortic arches, urinogenital system, heart and brain in various groups of Chordata. | |
| Section - C ( Marks : 50 ) | |||
| Physiology | |||
| 18) | Osmoregulation & Thermoregulation : | ||
| | .01) | Osmoregulation in freshwater and marine fishes. | |
| | .02) | Osmoregulation in terrestrial animals. | |
| | .03) | Poikilothermy and homeothermy. | |
| 19) | Physiology of digestion. | ||
| 20) | Physiology of respiration, respiratory pigments. | ||
| 21) | Cardiac cycle, pace maker and blood composition and functions. | ||
| 22) | Physiology of excretion. | ||
| 23) | Eye and its working. | ||
| 24) | Ear and its working. | ||
| 25) | Structure and functions of following Endocrine glands : | ||
| | .01) | Hypothalamus. | |
| | .02) | Pituitary gland. | |
| | .03) | Thyroid. | |
| | .04) | Parathyroid. | |
| | .05) | Islets of Langerhans. | |
| | .06) | Adrenal. | |
| | .07) | Pineal. | |
| 26) | Chemical nature, source and mode of action of aminergic, petidergic and steroidal hormones. | ||
| 27) | Hormonal control of reproduction in male and female mammals. | ||
| 28) | Mechanism of impulse conduction and synaptic transmission, Neurotransmitters. | ||
| 29) | Physiology of muscle contraction. | ||
| Section - D ( Marks : 50 ) | |||
| Environmental Science | |||
| 30) | Role of abiotic factors (temperature and light) on animal life. | ||
| 31) | Impact of inter and intraspecific biotic factors. | ||
| 32) | Types of ecosystems. | ||
| 33) | Energy flow and food chain at trophic levels. | ||
| 34) | Biogeochemical cycles. | ||
| 35) | .01) | Biosphere | |
| | .02) | Impact of ozone layer | |
| | .03) | Greenhouse Effect. | |
| 36) | Methods and importance of water conservation, water quality standards and interlinking of rivers in India. | ||
| 37) | Adaptations : | ||
| | .01) | in freshwater animals. | |
| | .02) | in desert animals. | |
| | .03) | in marine animals. | |
| | .04) | in terrestrial animals. | |
| 38) | Pollution : | ||
| | .01) | Air pollution. | |
| | .02) | Water pollution. | |
| | .03) | Land pollution. | |
| | .04) | Biodegradation, biotransformation and biomagnification of pollutants. | |
| | .05) | Trace metals as pollutants. | |
| | .06) | Municipal solid waste disposal. | |
| | .07) | Pesticides as pollutants and their toxic effects on plants, animals and soil. | |
| 39) | Wild Life : | ||
| | .01) | Present status of wild life in India. | |
| | .02) | Sanctuaries and National Parks in Maharashtra. | |
| | .03) | Project Tiger and conservation of tigers. | |
| | .04) | Red Data Book, Endangered and Biome Restricted Species. | |
| 40) | Ethology : | ||
| | .01) | Diurnal and seasonal rhythms. | |
| | .02) | Biological clock. | |
| | .03) | Impact of hormones and pheromones on behaviour. | |
| | .04) | Modes of communication in animals. | |
| | .05) | Physiology of learning in animals. | |
| | .06) | Mimicry and coloration. | |
| | | | |
Paper - II
| Standard : Degree | Total Marks : 200 |
| Nature of Paper : Conventional Type | Duration : 3 Hours |
| Note: | 1) | Answers to this paper must be written in English only. | |
| | 2) | This paper will test the candidate’s ability to comprehend, to analyse, to interpret, to criticise and to appraise subject matter related to the topics/sub topics mentioned below. | |
| | 3) | It is expected from candidates to study the latest and recent developments and happenings pertaining to the topics/sub topics mentioned below. | |
| | | | |
| Section - A ( Marks : 50 ) | ||
| Cell Biology | ||
| 1) | Structure and functions of cell organelles : | |
| | .01) | Plasma membrane. |
| | .02) | Mitochondria. |
| | .03) | Golgibodies. |
| | .04) | Endoplasmic reticulum. |
| | .05) | Ribosomes. |
| | .06) | Nucleus. |
| | .07) | Cytoskeleton. |
| 2) | Cell division : | |
| | .01) | Mitosis. |
| | .02) | Meiosis. |
| | .03) | Cell cycle events at molecular level. |
| | .04) | Apoptosis. |
| 3) | Chromosome - structure and function, Lampbrush and Polytene chromosomes. | |
| 4) | DNA structure and function : | |
| | .01) | Watson - Crick model of DNA . |
| | .02) | Replication of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. |
| | .03) | Types of DNA and RNA . |
| | .04) | Mitochondrial DNA . |
| 5) | Genetic code. | |
| 6) | Gene transcription and translation. | |
| Section - B ( Marks : 50 ) | ||
| Genetics and Molecular Biology | ||
| 7) | Genetics : | |
| | .01) | Mendel’s Laws of inheritance. |
| | .02) | Crossing over, linkage, multiple alleles. |
| | .03) | Polyploidy. |
| | .04) | Mutations (gene and chromosomal). |
| | .05) | Genetic significance of blood groups. |
| | .06) | Genetic disorders in man, syndromes. |
| 8) | Molecular Biology and Biotechnology : | |
| | .01) | Eugenics. |
| | .02) | Cloning techniques, cloning vectors. |
| | .03) | Cell line preparation. |
| | .04) | Types and application of stem cells. |
| | .05) | Haemopoietic system. |
| | .06) | Applications of cloning technology in medical and veterinary sciences. |
| | .07) | Human Genome. |
| | .08) | DNA finger printing. |
| | .09) | Transgenic animals. |
| | .10) | PCR, Southern and Western blotting, SDS-PAGE. |
| 9) | Bioinformatics : | |
| | .01) | Introduction to Bioinformatics. |
| | .02) | Bioinformatics tools/ Softwares. |
| | .03) | Protein sequence databases. |
| | .04) | Genome databases. |
| | .05) | Phylogenetic analysis. |
| | .06) | Bioinformatics and Pharmaceutical industry. |
| | .07) | National Centre for Biological Information. |
| Section - C ( Marks : 50 ) | ||
| Biochemistry and Immunology | ||
| 10) | Biochemistry : | |
| | .01) | Structure of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol and steroids. |
| | .02) | Energy reactions - Glycolysis, Krebs’ cycle, Electron transfer chain, Oxidative phosphorylation. |
| | .03) | Nature of enzymes, Mechanism of enzyme reactions. |
| | .04) | Vitamins : types, sources and functions. |
| 11) | Immunology : | |
| | .01) | Immunoglobulins and Immunity, antigenic and antibody vaccines, DNA vaccines and edible vaccines. |
| | .02) | Monoclonal antibodies. |
| | .03) | Cellular and humoral immune reactions. |
| | .04) | Innate and Adaptive immunity. |
| | .05) | AIDS, causes and remedies. |
| | .06) | ELISA. |
| Section -D ( Marks : 50 ) | ||
| Developmental Biology | ||
| 12) | Gamete Biology : | |
| | .01) | Mechanism of spermatogenesis, oogenesis, vitellogenesis and egg membrane formation. |
| | .02) | Molecular mechanism of Fertilization, acrosome reaction and sperm penetration, In-vitro fertilization, sperm preservation. |
| | .03) | Parthenogenesis - causes, mechanism and significance. |
| | .04) | Types of eggs. |
| 13) | Embryology : | |
| | .01) | Types of cleavages. |
| | .02) | Types and mechanism of gastrulation. |
| | .03) | Foetal Membranes and their functions. |
| | .04) | Formation, types and functions of Placenta. |
| | .05) | Organizer concept and embryonic induction . |
| | .06) | Mechanism of regeneration. |
| 14) | IVF : | |
| | .01) | Embryo transfer techniques, GIFT, Test tube baby. |
| | .02) | Male and female contraceptives and population control. |
| | .03) | Immunocontraception. |
| 15) | Development : | |
| | .01) | Organogenesis of nervous system, eye, heart and kidney in frog. |
| | .02) | Teratogenesis in man. |
| | .03) | Aging in man. |
| 16) | Economic Zoology : | |
| | .01) | Vermiculture. |
| | .02) | Prawn Culture. |
| | .03) | Sericulture. |
| | .04) | Apiculture. |
| | .05) | Lac culture. |
| | .06) | Pearl culture. |
| | .07) | Fish culture (Freshwater and marine). |
| | .08) | Poultry. |
